Lenses and mirrors physics pdf book

If you are watching this video while studying about lenses. Shown is a hemispherical view of a sound wave emitted by a pulsating sphere. According to georgia state university, virtual images are formed at the location where the paths of the primary light rays intersect when projected backward from their direction beyond a lens. Pdf optical images due to lenses and mirrors researchgate.

When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. The refraction at the first surface is balanced by the refraction at the second surface. Or should it be a plus sign for mirrors and minus for lenses. As of 2010, mirrors and lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether or not they consciously. Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. Geometrical optics will help you understand the basics of light reflection and refraction and the use of simple optical elements such as mirrors, prisms, lenses, and fibers. In this section, we use the snells law to explore the properties of lenses and how they form images. A converging lens always has two focal points, the primary focal point on the near side of the lens towards the oncoming light rays and a secondary focal point on the far side of the lens away from the oncoming light rays. Should that not be a minus sign on the left hand side. Convex lenses, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. If a lens is used to form an image of something infinitely far away, the distance from the lens to.

Two different types of mirror are concave and convex mirror with different properties. As all who have ever tried lens and mirror calculations know, the biggest difficulty. Physics mirrors are where light can be reflected and reconvened to form images. Two prisms can bend light toward the principal axis acting like a crude converging lens but. However, when you move closer to the mirror, the image enlarges moving closer to the mirror rightside up, virtual image. Convex converging lenses can form either real or virtual images cases 1 and 2, respectively, whereas concave diverging lenses can form only virtual images always case 3. The focal lengths of a biconvex lens and a concave mirror are shown in figures 1 and 2, respectively. Physics to find out more about mirrors and lenses, visit the glencoe science. It curves light away from its middle, like the outside portion of a bowl. The focal length f of a lens can be found quite accurately by moving an illuminated object infront of a lens so that an image is cast on a screen.

Telescopes, microscopes, cameras, projectors, your eyes, all have one thing in common. Here are some useful rays in determining the nature of the images formed by converging and diverging lens. A ray passing through the center of any lens continues in a straight line. The mirror equation expresses the quantitative relationship between the object distance do, the image. Then the same rules are gonna be applied even for lenses as well. The viewing screen should cover only half of the hole in the component holder so that light from the filament reaches the mirror.

Concave lenses video geometric optics khan academy. Geometric optics converging lenses and mirrors physics lab iv objective in this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. It is proven in introductory physics textbooks1 that the image and. The concave lens is a diverging lens, because it causes the light rays to bend away diverge from its axis. Light parallel to the principal axis a converges toward f after reflection from a concave mirror, and b diverges from f after reflection from a convex mirror. For a mirror or lens, the light rays come into the optical device from one side. Images in concave mirrors appear upside down, real and reduced.

Apr 10, 2020 lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to a cameras zoom lens to the eye itself. This type of mirror will produce only smaller and virtual images. You can skip questions if you would like and come back. The light rays come back along the same path because the incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface. While a ray diagram may help one determine the approximate location and size of the image, it will not provide numerical information about image distance and object size. Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to the eye to a cameras zoom lens. Light and optics truefalse decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.

In this book you will find a lot of questions, solved examples and short, very short, one wors questions related to particular topic. A lens refracts light and creates an image that is either virtual or real. By taking readings of image and object distances for different positions, a graph can be drawn. It seems that no two professors or teachers or books. The first lens in a refracting telescope that light from a celestial object passes though. You will also verify the mirror and lens equation and the magnification formula by direct measurement of the positions of object and image. Light rays follow a complex route as they encounter mirrors or pass through a. Mirrors and lenses in a microscope has a tube length and objective lens with a focal length of. Reflection and refraction, lens and mirror calculations, optical instruments and optical aberrations.

Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a concave mirror meet at a point converge. If the object and image are the same distance from the mirror and magnification is 1, then as the object approaches the mirror at a certain speed, the image is approaching the plane mirror at the same speed, therefore you approach the image more quickly than you approach. Choose your answers to the questions and click next to see the next set of questions. Depictions of lenses forming real and virtual images. This collection of interactive simulations allow learners of physics to explore core physics concepts by altering variables and observing the results. You will recognize the causes of aberrations in lenses and mirrors and how these can be. Introduction to geometric optics for lenses and mirrors. The second lens, located behind the focal plane, which allows the observer to view the enlarged or magnified image. A mirror is a glass surface with a silvery backing, that produces an image through reflection. A more specialized form of lenses, spectacles appeared around the 12 th century, but it took until contemporaries of galileo and later newton to develop a decent telescope we should all like lenses. Although in this video we are only going to talk about mirrors. They should try to describe any images they form in terms of magnification, upright or inverted, real or virtual. To obtain this type of numerical information, it is necessary to use the mirror equation and the magnification equation.

This book is an algebra based treatment of electric force, electrical energy, circuits, magnetism, faradays law, light and optics, introduction to modern physics, atomic physics and nuclear physics. Because mirrors do not usually absorb much light, most of the light is redirected upon contact with the mirror and the objects overall quality is usually preserved in the new image. Ancient egyptians, babylonians, and greeks, all had a sense of basic optics. One characteristic feature of all thin lenses and concave mirrors is the focal length, f, and is defined as the image distance of an object that is positioned infinitely far way. The goal of the experiment is to be able to analyze ray diagrams so as to determine fundamental properties of image formation. As of 2010, mirrors and lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether or not they consciously perceive the use.

Physical optics will help you understand the phenomena of light wave interference, diffraction, and polarization. There are standard and innovative uses for mirrors. In this case, the lens has been shaped so that all light rays entering it parallel to its axis appear to originate from the same point, f, defined to be the focal point of a diverging lens. Lenses remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well. A lens is a transparent device with two curved surfaces, usually made of glass or plastic, that uses refraction to form an image of an object. It bends light further away in the middle, more like the. Use the lensmakers equation to determine the focal length of a thin lens. Lenses and mirrors applications study for exams optics, physics uses of convex lens,concave lens,convex mirrors,concave mirrors psc online book. Kids learn about lenses and light in the science of physics including concave, convex, converging, diverging, focal point, meniscus, and plano lenses. Uses of convex lens,concave lens,convex mirrors,concave. With a converging lens, paraxial rays that are parallel to the principal axis converge to the focal point, f. Real image is formed when the light reconvenes and always inverted i.

Figure 3 illustrates how images are formed by a plane mirror and curved mirrors. Lenses lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the light source is formed. Consider a sound wave since it is easier to visualize. Table 1 summarizes the three types of images formed by single thin lenses.

The focal length, f, is the distance between f and the lens. Exploring images with thin lenses and mirrors 1 of 20. Ray, coming from first mirror turns back with same path after reflecting from second mirror. Concave mirrors curve inward, creating a focal point in front of the mirror. Keep in mind that for an object to be considered a lens it must be made of a transparent material that has an index of refraction higher than air. Rotating mirror sweeps the scene until the image is aligned with fixed image from mirror m pretty much stereovision and window correlation. Positive and negative lenses can both form real and virtual images. Summary of mirrors and lenses department of physics. The light rays leave the mirror or lens on the out side. And the name of this book is optics and modern physics by dc pandey. Three phenomena reflection, refraction, and diffraction help you predict where a ray or rays of light will go. A compound microscope has two convex lenses, separated by 10.

For the rays shown in figures 12, light is assumed to be coming from the left, and going toward the right. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. Download physics of light and optics download free online book chm pdf.

The effects of lenses and mirrors on a ray can be determined using fermats principle, through trigonometry and the application of snells law, to trace the path of a light ray from a point on the source to the image point. In this section, we will use the law of refraction to explore the properties of lenses and how they form images. Also, lenses have two focal points, one on each side of the lens. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. In this experiment you will find images created by lenses and mirrors and study the laws that describe them. This section contains more than 70 simulations and the numbers continue to grow. The rays of light coming from the point reflect according to. Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Not only that, but we will even backtrack a little and start with a discussion of basic ideas about light and vision that predated the discovery of electromagnetic waves. Lenses and mirrors static web pages for physics and.

The image distance for a plane mirror is always equal to the object distance because the magnification is 1. Alevel physics, section thermal physics, 6 chapters, 34 pages, 1. Lenses concave and convex apparatus selection of lenses, collimated light source, e. Determination of focal length of a converging lens and mirror. The light will then be inverted at the focal plane.

It is shown in most basic books on optics see references listed at end of this module that image. The viewers eye is from the objective lens, and they desire a magnification of. We all know that the importance of mirrors, lens etc. When light falls on a highly polished surface like a mirror.

The focus of convex lenses is where rays parallel to principal axis go. Download geometric optics download free online book chm pdf. We will instead spend most of this book making use of a simpler model of light, the ray model, which does a fine job in most practical situations. This property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. Ray hits the vertex of mirror 1 and reflects with same angle. Exploring images with thin lenses and mirrors 1 of 20 introduction.

A more specialized form of lenses, spectacles appeared around the 12 th century, but it took until contemporaries of galileo and later newton to develop a decent telescope. It focuses primarily on the wave and ray descriptions of light, but also includes a brief introduction to the quantum description of light. Object image and focal distance relationship proof of formula object image height and distance relationship. A system of lenses andor mirrors forms an image by gathering rays from an object and then causes them to converge or diverge. Image formation by lenses physics simple book production. Two types of image formed by mirrors are real image and virtual image. Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. Mirrors and lenses in this experiment you will learn to determine the focal lengths of mirrors and lenses. An image is formed when the light rays coming from an object meet at a point after reflection from a mirror or refraction from lens. Plane silver mirrors a mirror is a device that contains a surface used to reflect light. Spherical mirror is a curved mirror which is a part of a hollow sphere. Mastering numericals and objectives of physics for class x. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images.

Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. So lets see how it goes, suppose that ive got an object out here in air and then ive got a piece of glass thats curved outward like this in a convex way. Ifthe outside, or convex surface, is silvered, we have a convex mirror. This book provides an introduction to the eld of optics from a physics perspective. Since lenses pass light through them unlike mirrors it is useful to draw a focal point on each side of the lens for ray tracing. Theory analysis of the geometry in ray diagrams for spherical curved mirrors and thin concave. Mirrors, which have curved surfaces designed to reflect rays, also form images. Concaveconvex mirror and lenses for ssc cgl, chsl, mts, nda, cds railway exams. Optics exam2 and problem solutions physics tutorials. Physics lenses are curved glasses or transparent materials. As all who have ever tried lens and mirror calculations know, the biggest difficulty we have to face is that of the dreaded sign conventions. Jonathan is a published author and recently completed a book on physics and applied mathematics. A spherical mirror consists of a small section of the surface of a sphere with one side of the surface covered with a polished reflecting material, usually silver or aluminum. Homework resources in mirrors and lenses physics science.